Design Research Methodology : Research Design - Primary Data (Week 07 - Week 12)
Design Research Methodology RES60604
NAME: Sea Hirayama
I.D: 0347596
COURSE: Bachelor of Design in Creative Media / Taylor's Design School
●Instructions
●Lectures
Week 06 :
Two Main Types of
Research into the Media
• Quantitative Research and
• Qualitative Research
'How are the results of qualitative research analyzed?' 'How does it
differ from quantitative research in terms of thematicisation, and
what does it entail?'
– What is qualitative data and qualitative research?
Personal records such as letters and diaries, as well as
narratives in interviews, are examples of qualitative data.
The goal of qualitative research is to decipher and disclose
the'meaning' of people's behaviours, whether personal or
sociocultural.
Qualitative research or qualitative studies can be defined as
informal interviews and participant observation, as well as data
from documentary sources, historical archives, textual or written
material. The words 'qualitative research' and 'quantitative
research' are sometimes distinguished as opposed expressions, but
in this column, they are viewed as expressing the same contrast.
Qualitative research papers will likely to utilise language that
is more akin to everyday English than numerical descriptions and
statistical analysis, depending on the nature of the data handled.
Quantitative research, with a style evocative of mathematics,
physics, or statistics, can be blended or the boundaries blurred
in practise, whereas qualitative research, with a style
reminiscent of mathematics, physics, or statistics, can be mixed
or the boundaries blurred in practise. It's a good idea to think
of both techniques as playing complementary roles.
The objectives of qualitative research differ, but they all share
the objective description and comprehension of participants'
experiences and life-worlds, such as interviewees and patients, as
well as the building of new ideas from a small amount of data.
– Differences from quantitative research
In contrast to quantitative research, qualitative research
frequently takes the form of "hypothesis-generating" research, in
which data is acquired first and then analysed to generate new
scientific facts, theories, and hypotheses.
The reasons for this can be attributed to the disparities between
qualitative and quantitative research.
Quantitative research has the advantage of being able to establish
hypotheses based on numerical values and experimental design to
the point where the experiment's results can be assumed to some
extent and subsequently tested.
The following are some of the benefits of quantitative research:
- It is possible to distribute a large number of questionnaires.
- Generalizability is ensured by using a random sample of subjects.
- In a controlled context, observational data is less sensitive to external effects.
- It is feasible to conduct statistical tests and analyses.
- Quantitative research has the advantage of being able to deal with survey data that can be easily reduced to numerical data, such as scale responses to questionnaires, statistical data, or psychological test findings.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, cannot deal with data on
substances, phenomena, or narratives that were not intended to be
measured because the numerical values to be measured and the
procedures of evaluation and testing are specified in advance.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, can produce unexpected
(or more than expected) results, which can add to the
distinctiveness of the study. As a result, qualitative research is
appropriate for research subjects where the outcome is unknown or
for the types of queries for which quantitative data is
unavailable.
– Examples of qualitative data.
Things that can be measured numerically, such as height, age, and
annual income, are examples of quantitative data.
On the other hand, qualitative data is organised into categories
and can be separated into nominal and ordinal scales.
When conducting a questionnaire survey, for example, the nominal
scale can include replies like "male/female/don't want to
answer/neither...", which cannot be analysed numerically.
Furthermore, even questions with five options, such as 'agree /
somewhat agree / neither agree nor disagree / somewhat disagree /
disagree,' cannot be grasped and quantified on a number line in a
continuous manner.
Ordinal scales are scales that define an ordinal relationship
based on the degree of surrounding categories.
They are distinct from nominal scales, which challenge the meaning
of intervals or differences between categories and only make sense
if they are the same or different, and ordinal scales, which can
only decide whether they are more or less.
When ordinary life is the focus of coverage, qualitative data is
extremely easy to come by. To put it another way, qualitative data
is distinguished from laboratory data by the availability of
communication, such as talks and gestures conducted in natural
contexts.
Week 07 :
– Types of qualitative research.
- Interview
While the phrase interview may conjure up ideas of interviews
performed without an appointment, such as mass media street
interviews or professional sports post-game interviews,
qualitative research interviews are conducted using a protocol
that includes an appointment and the interviewee's consent. The
number of participants participated in qualitative research is
generally separated into individual interviews and group
interviews by researchers performing qualitative research (group
interviewing).
Individual interviews are employed in all of the aforementioned
fields and must be conducted 'alone,' particularly when asking
about life histories, life histories, and intimate feelings.
Group interviews, on the other hand, are a typical strategy used
by businesses to investigate consumer trends and promote their
goods.
Group interviews, on the other hand, differ from individual
interviews in that they collect and organize information that is
transmitted through the dynamic participation of numerous
persons. To put it another way, the fact that numerous
interviewees are talking about the same issue, interactively and
interactively, provides clues to unique discoveries and is
expected to work differently than solo interviews. It's also
important to keep in mind the many forms of interviews, such as
structured/semi-structured/unstructured interviews.
Structured interviews are a type of interview in which the
evaluation criteria and questions are defined ahead of time, and
the questions are asked in that order, with no excess or
deficiency.
Unstructured interviewing, on the other hand, is when the
questions aren't planned ahead of time and the topic and amount
of questions can be adjusted at any time according to the
conversation's flow and the interviewee's wants.
A semi-structured interview is one that falls halfway in the
middle, with questions set in advance but altered as needed, for
as by adding questions to areas where you wish to explore
deeper. Many qualitative researchers use semi-structured or
unstructured interviews, despite the fact that it is a personal
preference. In addition, most students' employment interviews
fall into one of three categories: organized, semi-structured,
or unstructured interviews.
The preparation of a verbatim transcript (a textual transcript
of the recorded dialogue during the interview after listening to
it) is a common and necessary task in qualitative research,
regardless of the interview method employed.
- Case studies
A case study is a strategy used in the social sciences and
humanities to draw general rules and principles by analyzing a
single or limited number of incidents (cases).
Clinical psychology frequently employs case studies.
It's utilized to do hypothesis-generating research in areas
where there hasn't been much done before.
- Grounded theory approach
Grounded theories are theories that are based on evidence
obtained in the field (data-intensive theories). It's a
qualitative research method that makes empirical analysis and
the development of new hypotheses easier. This is the polar
opposite of Grand Theory (Comprehensive Theory, Hype Theory).
The name conjures up an image of a 'tapped-up' technique based
on a small number of cases, as opposed to a 'descent-style'
approach.
Bernie Glaser and Anselm Strauss, two sociologists, proposed the
grounded theory approach.
They performed fieldwork in hospitals to examine interactions
between hospitalized cancer patients/families and the medical
staff who care for them. This was an ambitious attempt to
develop a theory using instances of research undertaken by the
researchers themselves at a time when 'positivism' using the
tools of mathematics and statistics in the natural sciences was
at its peak. The creation of the grounded theory approach is an
excellent example of how fieldworkers can shine as artists or
practitioners who create their own theories.
B. G. Glaser and A. L. Strauss (1996), Shinyosha, Discovering
Data Interactive Theory: How to Create Theory from Research.
- Fieldwork
'Fieldwork' can be translated as 'field research or field
investigation' in Japanese.
It refers to the overall work done while in the 'field'
(field) where the event under investigation is taking place,
such as surveys employing the 'participant observation'
approach.
In a broad sense, it's a way of approaching a field by
gathering data and combining survey research, such as
questionnaires, with other methodologies, such as participant
observation.
The basic goal of fieldwork is to gather as much information and
data as possible while out in the field. And, in many cases, the
purpose is to observe things that have yet to be discovered or
identified, then send the information and data back to those
outside the field, such as universities or field researchers.
– Analytical methods for qualitative research.
- Reading through field notes
The author continues to undertake fieldwork using diagrams and
tables while attending lectures and awareness-raising events
provided by persons active in the topic. He takes notes on a
university notebook or tablet and writes out what he notices
at these activities. These and other field notes are the
foundations of our research. These field notes are read and
categorized sentence by sentence.
It is critical to organize research diaries, observation
notes, transcripts, and other documents in such a way that
classification and retrieval are made easier.
For example, number the pages, organize them by date, bind
them in a file or binder, and label them so they can be found
at any time.
- Encoding
The assumption is that qualitative research's immediate purpose
is to generate a report with words that define a notion. It is
merely a small portion of the massive amount of qualitative data
that will be included in the paper's body. The task of
trancribing the recorded data, or making a'verbatim record,'
comes immediately following data collection for documentation.
Qualitative research usually focuses on recurrent patterns after
data gathering and verbatim recording. Codes are names, words, or
themes that emerge repeatedly. Coding is the process of reviewing
the data attentively, thinking through the codes, and giving a
code of landmarks to the data. Starting with tentative coding and
categorizing the material according to antecedent conditions,
which correspond to the setting and background,' coding evolves
into codes based on the narrator's techniques and codes based on
human connections and societal structures. It is recommended that
you study coding textbooks in the different domains for more
extensive information.
In a strict sense, it's a process of 'theoretical coding,' in
which data-oriented codes are changed into more abstract codes,
with the more abstract the cohesiveness, the more generalizable it
becomes. It is suggested that coding be done one verbatim document
at a time. You can either start coding from the portion containing
the statements of interest or go through the complete transcripts
and code by narrative coherence.
- Categorization
Categorization refers to the classification of things and
behaviours seen in individuals and society by fitting them into
a valid and intuitive classification system, and can be thought
of as a 'higher level of abstraction' of coding. Motomura and
Yashiro (2009), for example, discovered that codes like
'neuroticism' and strong codependence' are factors that enhance
burnout ratings (ease of experiencing burnout). Similarly,
factors with low burnout levels include 'conformity,
assertiveness, and honesty.' These hardwired burnout tendencies
are surrounded by a larger 'personality' framework. This
category of 'personality' is a subset of a wider one that allows
for a more comprehensive analysis of case studies in which
personality is a factor.
In qualitative research, originality is expressed more in the
researcher's arbitrary coding and categorization than in the
quantitative data, which can lead to the exaggeration of
minorities or the omission of uncomfortable codes in order to
establish one's own theory. Given the word's etymology, it's
crucial to stress that 'harvesting' minority situations that
would be 'fruit' and passing it off as sophisticated research is
both inappropriate and unethical.
'Factors connected to burnout among nurses,' Journal of the
Japanese Society for Occupational and Disaster Medicine, Yoshimi
Honmura and Rika Yashiro (2009).
- Triangulation and code of ethics
Because of the access to personal material contained in
diaries and interviews, qualitative research necessitates
ethical issues.
If the research is being conducted on a private person, group,
or institution, you will typically be required to submit a
request document that includes the "research topic,"
"affiliation, status, and name of the researcher and
supervisor," "research objectives," "research methods and
request," and "considerations for the protection of personal
data." It's risky to do research without understanding terms
like 'Code of Ethics' and 'Code of Ethics.' The Japanese
Federation of Psychological Organizations, for example, has
collated the ethics codes of a number of societies, all of
which are available on the internet.
These codes of ethics are only four to five pages long at most.
However, it should be recognized that codes of ethics (i.e.
regulations) simply serve as guides. As a result, the person doing
the research must be responsible for the research's ethics by
making his or her own decisions. It is preferable to conduct
research utilizing numerous views and methodologies rather than
analyzing the research using only one research method in order to
improve the validity of the findings. This is referred to as
'triangulation.'
There are five crucial elements to remember when conducting
qualitative research.
- Qualitative research is a type of study that emphasizes specific examples and interprets texts and narratives rather than numbers.
- Its goal is to objectively describe and understand the people's experiences and lives, as well as to develop new theories.
- In clinical psychology, nursing, and sociology, this term is frequently used.
- Other methodologies, like as interviews, case studies, grounded theory approaches, and others, are accessible and should be used in combination.
- Field notes, coding, and classification are examples of analytical techniques.
Week 08 :
No lecture for this week (Independence learning week).
Week 09 :
No lecture for this week. We got some feedback for research
design.
Week 10 :
No lecture for this week. We got some feedback for research design.
Week 11 :
No lecture for this week. We got some feedback for research design.
Week 12 :
No lecture for this week. We got some feedback for research design.
●Exercises
Week 07 :
・Submit the critical review to google document
For this week, start to select the method of research such as
interview and so on. So I selected the two pattern, one is interview
with some designer and animator. After I finish it, I'll do survey as
many as many people as possible. Therefore, this week, I just wrote
down the brief of research and prepared the material for survey.
1.1 The draft of brief for research design
1.2 The example of survey for the topic to audience
1.3 The iamges of survey for the topic to audience
Week 08 :
– The Instruction
Since this week eight (8) has been the ILW for all, I expect you
to see or learn from all the online recorded lectures, notes,
and supplementary videos shared in weeks 6 & 7 in Teams
(General Channel - Class Materials). I shall share some slides
here alternatively.
In next week's week nine (9) tutorial session, I expect you to
have designed and considered how you will conduct your Primary
Research and utilise the various methods and instrumentation
that you consider effective for your research. The minimum
requirement is one instrument for collecting your Primary Data
for this process.
Please make them available for our discussion in your shared
Google Drive folder #3 (Primary Research). Remember to
thoroughly consider the pros and cons of designing your
research, selecting participants or sampling that best to be
involved in your research, and choosing specific methods and
instruments. Ultimately the why, what, who, where, and how are
essential in this primary research data collection process and
design. Best to have the design of your questions (Qualitative,
interview, or Quantitative, questionnaire survey) ready for next
week's tutorial session too.
・Data collection
・Decide how to collect the data for this research
・Prepare materials for interview
Week 09 :
・Do the Interview, survey and write the rationale
So for this week, I tried to explore that what should I ask for
them as interview and survey. Also, I tried to do appointment with
animator and designer as expert. But, realistically, I couldn't
get appointment with them. So I tried to change the person for
interview as no expert but who has skills, ability and knowledge
of design. And then I did the survey to my friend who is majoring
design, art and normal person as audience because I would like to
get the information of inspiration of yo-kai character from some
anime with normal person.
1.4 The script for interview
Week 10 :
・Gather the data from survey
・Do analyze and write conclusion
・Appoint the interview
1.5 The draft 02 (with data from survey)
Week 11–12 :
・Do analyze and write conclusion
・Submit the primary research to google document
So For these week, I tried to focus on the interview with expert of designing. Also I re-create the form for them to answer easly.
1.6-7 The process of finding interviewer
1.8 The Final research form with document / Primary Research
1.9 The Final research form with slides / Primary Research
●Feedback
Week 07 :
General feedback
We had lecture of this task and got requirement
for it.
Week 08 :
General feedback
For this week, we didn't have a lecture though, I
tried to prepare the material for survey. Also, I
wrote down the brief for research design.
Week 09 :
General feedback
For this week, it was first time for us to get
feedback for research design. I just felt that
this time was not good time for me to explore
my research because even I wants to get
information of the yo-kai culture from normal
audience, Dr Hayati said that I should not do
this method. I just felt this research is mine
so I should decide the method for it. Because
for my topic needs the information of
inspiration from normal audience to think
about how to compose the character with yo-kai
culture.
Specific feedback
I have to appoint the interview with some
animator and designer as expert (minimum
3 people), and then do survey with few people
who surrounding me (minimum 3 people). Then I
can correct the information of the yo-kai
culture inspiration to them.
Week 10 :
General feedback
For this week, we could find the way to improve our data collection for this task with feedback.
Specific feedback
Go through the interview with expert of character design.
Week 11 :
General feedback
We did discussion in the big group that is why I could know how they are doing with this task as well.
Specific feedback
Just do the interview, also I can complete the analysis of survey.
Week 12 :
General feedback
For this week, we discussed about the progress of this primary data task and we got feedback to improve it as well.
Specific feedback
I can do visual analysis of yo-kai character design after I submit this task. After the data collection, I can get feedback from expert who I did interviewed as well. It would be better to understand about yo-kai character.
●Reflections
>Experience
For this task, primary research made me more to be interested in yokai culture. This process of research was kind of difficult and hard for me though. Also I could get inspiration the thought that interviewer said in interview as well.
>Observations
I just realized that it's really difficult to express the stuff which exist as invisible. Especially, for character design is needed to have a lot of information, knowledge and experience as well.
>Findings
Google form is really useful tool to get information. It's a few times for me to gather it with this method so I really amazed how it is useful.
>Further readings/references
For this task, I just learned how to gather information quickly and simply as well, so I read a lots book for showing the way to do research.
はじめてでも、ふたたびでも、これならできる！ レポート・論文のまとめ方 [ 新田誠吾 ]
- It's well-structured, with plenty of line breaks and other visual cues, making it simple to comprehend.
- There are a lot of actual examples to help you comprehend it.
- Each chapter concludes with an index, allowing the book to be used as a dictionary.
In terms of 'how to demonstrate' and 'how to write,' the book is well-thought out. With many line breaks and other features, the book is incredibly accessible and easy to read.
The book is simple, yet it has all of the required information, which is presented in an easy-to-understand manner with the help of drawings and diagrams. At the short end of the book, there is an index of 'format,"research methods,' 'writing approaches,' and so on, so you can immediately jump to the information you need and use it like a dictionary. There's also a page on 'Using university libraries' in the 'How to research' section, which I thought may be beneficial for studying information services theory!" I thought!
ゼロからわかる大学生のためのレポート・論文の書き方 [ 石井一成 ]
- With many graphs and charts, it's easy to understand.
- In this book, the rules for Japanese notation and citation are broken down into chapters.
「文章術のベストセラー100冊」のポイントを1冊にまとめてみた。 [ 藤吉 豊 ]
- The most important ideas from 100 best-selling books in one volume for effective knowledge.
This is another another book about the craft of writing. It's more of a collection of the best writing skills from 100 books, and because it takes the best elements of 100 well-known works, many of the descriptions are compelling.
The book also provides a variety of beneficial approaches, such as a sentence length recommendation based on descriptions in other books and a hiragana to kanji ratio guideline. Overall, there are numerous ways that can be applied, and I really suggest this book.
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